## Alan Cooper, Robert Reimann, Dave Cronin (2007). *About Face 3: The Essentials of Interaction Design*. : Wiley Pub. > [!INFO] > Type:: [[&]] > Title:: About Face 3: The Essentials of Interaction Design > Author(s): [[Authors/Alan Cooper, Robert Reimann, Dave Cronin]] > Year:: 2007 > Tags:: > DOI:: > Citekey:: cooper_about_2007 > ZoteroURI:: [Open in Zotero: About Face 3: The Essentials of Interaction Design](zotero://select/items/@cooper_about_2007) > ReviewedDate:: [[2023-02-27]] ## Citation ```latex [@cooper_about_2007] ``` ## Related ```dataview TABLE file.aliases AS "Title" FROM [[@cooper_about_2007]] and -"Plans" and -"resources" ``` ## Summary by Olia Lialina and Dragan Espenschied - [Don Norman](https://jnd.org/) first started his campaign to rename “users” as “people” 하지만 그의 유저에 대한 묘사는 컴퓨터 밖에 존재하며 그들의 아이덴티티(developing their computer, digital culture)를 해체하는 결과를 낳았다. - [Bruce Tognazzini](https://www.asktog.com/)의 “[Third User](https://asktog.com/atc/the-third-user/)”에서 많은 시스템들에 대해 분석하며 그것들은 시스템을 쓰지 않은 사람들을 위해—즉 살 고객||호갱||들을 위해—디자인 되어진다고 주장했다. 다른 말로, 유저는—컴퓨터 밖에서 존재하며 보이지 않고 role도 interest도 없다. 그들은 언제나 다른 무엇인가 더 중요한 것이 있으며, 컴퓨터 문화에서 중요한 부분으로 인식되지 않는다. (img) Top: Alfred D. Crimi, A Scientist of the Future, title illustration of “As We May Think” by Vannevar Bush, published in Life Magazine, September 10, 1945. Bottom: Russian travel blogger Sergey Dolya, 2012. Photo: Mik Sazonov > “User-level systems, (are) systems set up for people who are not thinking about computers but about the subject or activity the computer is supposed to help them with.” (Cooper, 2012, p 45) Computing has always been personal. By this I mean that if you weren’t intensely involved in it, sometimes with every fiber in your mind atwitch, you weren’t doing computers, you were just a user. p 7 ### USERS IMAGINED | Year | Source | Imagined User | Statement | | | ---- | ------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | I | 1945 | Vannevar Bush, “As We May Think,” The Atlantic, September 1945 | Scientist | “One can now picture a future investigator in his laboratory. His hands are free, and he is not anchored. As he moves about and observes, he photographs and comments.” | | II | 1962 | Douglas Engelbart, “Augmenting Human Intellect: A Conceptual Framework,” 1962 | Knowledge Worker, Intellectual Worker, Programmer | “Consider the intellectual domain of a creative problem solver [...]. These [...] could very possibly contribute specialized processes and techniques to a general worker in the intellectual domain: Formal logic—mathematics of many varieties, including statistics—decision theory— game theory—time and motion analysis—operations research— classification theory— documentation theory—cost accounting, for time, energy, or money—dynamic programming— computer programming.” | | III | 197x | J.C.R. Licklider, “Some Reflections on Early History,” 1988, in Adele Goldberg (ed.), A History of Personal Workstations, 1988, p. 119 | Real Users | “People who are buying computers, especially personal computers, just aren’t going to take a long time to learn something. They are going to insist on using it awfully quick.” | | IV | 1974 | Ted Nelson, “The Most important Computer Terms for the 70s,” in Computer Lib/ Dream Machines, revised edition, 1987, p. 9 | Naïve User | “Person who doesn’t know about computers but is going to use the system. Naive user systems are those set up to make things easy and clear for such people. We are all naive users at some time or other; its nothing to be ashamed of. Though some computer people seem to think it is.” | | V | 1975 | Tim Mott, as quoted in Fumbling The Future: How Xerox Invented, Then Ignored, the First Personal Computer, 1999, p. 110 | Lady with the Royal Typewriter | “My model for this was a lady in her late fifties who had been publish- ing all her life and still used a Royal typewriter.” | | VI | 1977 | Alan Kay, “Personal Dynamic Media,” 1977, in Noah Wardrip-Fruin and Nick Montfort (ed.), The New Media Reader, MIT Press, 2003 | Children Artists Musicians | “Another interesting nugget was that children really needed as much or more computing power than adults were willing to settle for when using a timesharing system. [...] The kids [...] are used to finger-paints, water colors, color television, real musical instruments, and records.” | | VII | 1982 | Steven Lisberger, TRON, Walt Disney Pictures, 1982 | Deity | -You believe in the users? -Yes, sure. If I don’t have a user, then who wrote me? (view this dialogue on YouTube) | | VIII | 1983 | TIME magazine, January 3, 1983 | Papier-mâché man | The “person of the year” is a machine: “Machine of the Year: The Computer Moves In” | | IX | 1993 | [Eric S. Raymond, “September that never ended,” Jargon File](https://web.archive.org/web/20190322033630/http://www.catb.org/jargon/html/S/September-that-never-ended.html/) | Clueless Newbies | “September that never ended: All the time since September 1993. One of the seasonal rhythms of the Usenet used to be the annual September influx of clueless newbies who, lacking any sense of netiquette, made a general nuisance of themselves. This coincided with people starting college, getting their first internet accounts, and plunging in without bothering to learn what was acceptable.” | | X | 1996 | Eric S. Raymond, The New Hacker’s Dictionary, MIT Press, 1996, pp. 233, 275 | hackers = Implementors, lamers = Users | “hacker n. [...] 1. A person who enjoys exploring the details of programmable systems and how to stretch their capabilities, as opposed to most users, who prefer to learn only the minimum necessary.” “lamer n. [...] Synonym for luser, not used much by hackers but common among warez d00dz, crackers and phreakers. Oppose elite. Has the same connotations of self-conscious elitism that use of luser does among hackers.” | | XI | 2006 | TIME magazine, December 25, 2006/ January 1, 2007 [http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,20061225,00.html](http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,20061225,00.html) | YOU | The cover of the 2006 TIME magazine “Person of the Year” issue features a computer screen-cum-YouTube video frame announcing that “You” are the winner of this year’s award. The subtitle is “Yes, you. You control the Information Age. Welcome to your world.” | | XII | 2008 | Don Norman, talk at U X Week 2008, San Francisco | People | “I’d prefer to call them people.” | | XIII | 2009 | Sir Tim Berners-Lee, “The Next Web,” TED Talk 2009, Lon Beach | Them | “20 years ago [...] I invented the World Wide Web.” | | XIV | 2012 | [Jack Dorsey (executive chairman of Twitter), “Let’s reconsider our ‘users’,”](https://jacks.tumblr.com/post/33785796042/lets-reconsider-our-users) | Customer | “If I ever say the word ‘user’ again, immediately charge me $140.” | | XV | 2012 | Janet Murray (interaction designer, educator, author of Hamlet on the Holodeck) in the intro- duction to Inventing the Medium, MIT Press, 2011, p. 11 | Interactor | “[User] is another convenient and somewhat outdated term, like ‘interface.’ [...] A user may be seeking to complete an immediate task; an interactor is engaged in a prolonged give and take with the machine.” | | XVI | 2013 | [Bruce Tognazzini (principal of Nielsen Normal Group), “The Third User,” 2013](https://asktog.com/atc/the-third-user/) | Buyer | “Apple has concentrated virtually all their effort on potential users— buyers—and new users, leaving out, in the last several years, experienced users almost entirely.” | ![[2019-04-25-net_art users-90c153eb.png]] ![[2019-04-25-net_art users-281ad8f8.jpg]] ## Annotation ### Related ```dataview LIST FROM [[@cooper_about_2007]] and -"Plans" and -"resources" ```